The Mystery of the Disappearance of Roanoke - 1220 Words

When most people think of the early settlement they think of the first successful settlement, Jamestown, but this was not the first settlement in the New World. The settlement at Roanoke was the first attempt to colonize the New World. The settlement at Roanoke is often referred to as the â€Å"Lost Colony† because of its unusual disappearance. The reason people often do not know about the first settlement at Roanoke is because it was abandoned, forgotten, and lost. The Roanoke settlement was located on an island on the northern coast of what is now North Carolina. A few more than a hundred English men first settled the colony at Roanoke Island in 1584. The conditions were harsh and between the lack of supplies and the troubles with natives of†¦show more content†¦There were harsh conditions that caused supplies to run low faster than anticipated and â€Å"White agreed to sail back to Britain to shore up the settlement’s supplies – [it was] a trip that should have only lasted a few months† (Grens). The main problem was that the trip took much longer then planned and because of this the colonists were the ones that suffered. Since the only way to travel and get news at the time was by ship; there was no way to know that there was a war going on in Europe. When they left to resupply the colony that they would be the last to see anyone in the colony. The history of what happened between the three years of White leaving for England to bring back more supplies will probably never be known. Of course there is always the need to consider that hostile Indians were the cause of the disappearance, especially since â€Å"the only trace they left behind was a structure of tree trunks, with a single word carved into one post: CROATOAN [the name of a local Indian tribe]† (Grens). It can be speculated that something happened that caused great harm and forced all the people living in the colony to either relocate or something happene d that killed them all. It is also possible that there was some kind of storm that caused people to leave the island that they had been calling home. However, with the colony having been taken apart and seemingly dismantled this is unlikely.Show MoreRelatedThe Mystery Behind The Disappearance Of The Roanoke Colonials1003 Words   |  5 PagesThe Mystery Behind the Disappearance of the Roanoke Colonials On August, 1590, John White, the governor of the Roanoke colony returned to the island of Roanoke to discover that the colonials once inhabiting the land a few years ago, were now gone. All that was left was peaces of iron, armor, and some logs burning in a fire pit. It was 3 years ago when John White was voted to sail back to England, for the English colonists were in need of more supplies, since planting crops wasn’t at the time aRead MoreThe Mystery of the Lost Colony941 Words   |  4 PagesFor centuries the disappearance of the Roanoke colonists has been one of the great mysteries in the historical community. Within the span of three years, 120 colonists disappeared from an English colony on Roanoke Island, a small piece of land off the coast of North Carolina. The evidence left behind barely gives us a clue as to what could have happened to the entire colony. With the testimony of John White, the leader of the colony that left the settlement to get more supplies, and w hat little evidenceRead MoreScience : The Mystery Of The Lost Colony1055 Words   |  5 PagesScience Unravels the Mystery of the Lost Colony What makes history such an interesting subject to study are the many mysteries intertwined with in it. Over the years many of the mysteries have been solved. However, one of the most intriguing mysteries still remains unsolved and leaves us with a question that needs to be answered, what happened to the settlers of the Lost Colony of Roanoke? Since their disappearance historians have come up with multiple theories about what could have possibly happenedRead MoreThe Disappearance Of The Roanoke Island Colony1214 Words   |  5 Pagesenigmas that has haunted historians for centuries is the disappearance of the Roanoke Island Colony, also known to many as The Lost Colony. After leaving for three years, the governor of Roanoke Island, John White, returned to find the settlement abandon. The only remaining clue was the word â€Å"CROATOAN† carved into a fence post and the letters â€Å"CRO† etched into a nearby tree. Several diverse theories have been suggested to explain the disappearance of the 120 missing colonist, ranging from disease toRead MoreThe Battle Of Roanoke Island1847 Words   |  8 PagesRoanoke Island is an island in North Carolina. It was, at one time, a colony that was founded by England. It was very small, accommodating only around a hundred colonists total. However, this colony mysteriously disappeared with no real clue as to what happened. There are many theories on what could have happened to the colony, though no one currently knows for sure. More theories keep being created based on findings that modern day scientists have been able to gather. This mystery is one that peopleRead MoreThe Disappearance Of The Lost Co lony1598 Words   |  7 Pages during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I to start a new life on the Outer Banks. This colony of over one hundred people disappeared from the Roanoke Island region, never to be seen again (Kramer 2). For over 400 years, historians and archeologists have attempted to determine what happened. Although there are several popular theories regarding the disappearance of the Lost Colony, the theory with the most evidence for being accurate is the migration theory. The two previous expeditions that had beenRead MoreWhy the Roanoke Colony Disappeared1120 Words   |  5 Pagesshore of, nowadays, North Carolina (Drye Willie, 2004). On the ship the ship is a pregnant women also known as Eleanor Dare, daughter of John White, and the mother of Virginia Dare; the first English born American child. The Roanoke colony is one of the first American mysteries that no one has yet solved. There are a lot of theories regarding this tragedy. Some say that they drowned, and others say that they merged with the Indians living near by the colonists. Based upon research, the theory thatRead MoreUnsolved Mysteries : The Lost Colony2458 Words   |  10 PagesUnsolved Mysteries - The Lost Colony During the 1500’s, the English started their first attempts at colonizing in the New World. One of the first colonies to settle in North America was named after the island on which they settled. That island was named the Roanoke Island. After a while of living on the island the colony had to return to England, since there had been a shortage of food and they had been attacked by nearby indians multiple times. A second group of English settlers also tried to settleRead MoreRoanoke Island: the Lost Colony1691 Words   |  7 PagesRoanoke Island: The Lost Colony Alycia Roberts HIST113 VC On July 22, 1587, long before the Pilgrims arrived at Plymouth Rock, 117 hopeful colonists from England landed ashore onto a tiny island along the coast of what is today North Carolina. The group unpacked and founded a settlement, Roanoke Island. Then they vanished without a trace. The story of the Lost Colony has fascinated people across four centuries and remains one of the enduring mysteries of early America. There are several theoriesRead MoreThe Mystery Of The Lost Colony Of Roanoke2021 Words   |  9 PagesThe mystery of the Lost Colony of Roanoke is a puzzling mystery about what happened to the first English settlers in America. The question is, what actually happened to them, because even with evidence and research no one knows for absolute certain what actually did happen. The disappearance of an entire colony, who left behind a dismantled settlement and the word Croatoan etched into a tree has stumped many archaeologists. Countless theories have arisen, some more outrageous than the rest

Effects Of The On Fetal Alcohol Syndrome - 1206 Words

During 1720-1750, there was a limited amount of control on the production and selling of gin in England due to Parliament. This resulted in an increase in alcohol intake. During this period, fetal and infant death rates were at it highest [1]. The medical society did not believe consumption of alcohol was the cause of the high rise in birth defects at the time. With the repeal of the prohibition on alcohol in 1933, doctors believed it had beneficial effects to the point of intravenous treatments with alcohol were used to delay preterm labor. In the 1950s to 1960s, there was another rise in fetal birth defects called the â€Å"thalidomide scare†. Thalidomide was used to relieve morning sickness experienced during pregnancy. This scare caused scientists to realize that certain types of drugs given during pregnancy, affected the development of the fetus. It wasn’t until 1973, when two pediatricians, David Smith and Kenneth Jones, whom specialized in dysmorphology, the stud y of abnormalities present at birth, published their article on Fetal Alcohol Syndrome. In their study, they examined eight children to determine what caused their developmental impediments. These children were characterized with growth deficiencies, microcephaly, and impaired cognitive development. All their mothers were alcoholics, which resulted in Smith and Jones to believe alcohol was causing defects in the offspring [2]. Many discoveries have been made since 1973 that involve fetal exposure to alcohol,Show MoreRelatedFetal Alcohol Syndrome And Its Effects1712 Words   |  7 Pages Fetal Alcohol Syndrome and its Effects On a Child’s Cognitive Development Dane D. Hrencher Kansas State University Fetal Alcohol Syndrome and its Effects On a Child’s Cognitive Development Alcohol is known as one the most dangerous teratogens. Every time a pregnant woman drinks, she allows alcohol to enter her blood stream and make its way into the placenta. Unlike the mother, the fetus is unable to break down alcohol that makes the blood alcohol level of the fetus the same orRead More Effects of Alcohol and Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Essay1688 Words   |  7 PagesEffects of Alcohol and Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Works Cited Missing Alcohol plays a major role in society today. It is constantly being in our minds through advertisements, whether its commercials or billboards, holidays, or even just at the popular social scene. Alcohol is consumed for many purposes, such as celebrations, to increase romance, out of boredom, or a way to relax. Alcohol is a drug that is depended upon by the majority of our society. Nonetheless, alcohol has very damaging effectsRead MoreEffects Of Alcohol Exposure On Fetal Alcohol Syndrome1303 Words   |  6 Pagesharmful substances like alcohol interrupt these processes, the contaminated environment surrounding and infiltrating the embryo’s developing body makes it difficult for development to continue as planned. As a result, abnormalities are often a characteristic of such conditions. The following paper will discuss the effect of maternally consumed alcohol on an embryo, as well as the resulting disorder from alcohol exposure: fetal alcohol syndrome. Prenatal alcohol effects Alcohol is classified as a teratogenRead MoreFetal Alcohol Syndrome : Causes And Effects1078 Words   |  5 Pages Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Alcohol plays a major role in society today. We consume alcohol for many purposes such as gatherings, holidays, or self fulfillment. One of the most frowned upon things that come with drinking in our society is drinking during pregnancy. Nonetheless, consumption of alcohol during pregnancy can result in pathologies for the mothers fetus leading to growth, mental, and physical birth defects, also known as Fetal Alcohol Syndrome. The severity of the effects from thisRead MoreThe Effects Of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome On Infants3388 Words   |  14 Pages30 April 2015 The Effects of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome on Infants Abstract Fetal alcohol syndrome is caused when women during their pregnancy drink alcohol and cause developmental problems that can affect the fetus and infant for the rest of his or her life. Fetal alcohol syndrome can cause facial abnormalities, mental retardation, and a significant decrease in overall growth of the fetus.1 There are numerous studies about prevalence of fetal alcohol syndrome, and its effects on physical, neurologicalRead MoreThe Effects Of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome On The Children850 Words   |  4 Pagesto further educate individuals in regards to what fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is, how to prevent fetal alcohol syndrome, the side effects of fetal alcohol syndrome during infancy, and the long term effects of fetal alcohol syndrome on the child emotionally, physically, and mentally. Definition Fetal alcohol syndrome is a diverse pattern of congenital malformations when ethyl alcohol is consumed chronically in high doses during pregnancy. Alcohol ingestion can influence development of body organsRead MoreCause And Effect Of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome2649 Words   |  11 Pagesunreasonable people. Alcohol, a psychoactive drug, found within many adult beverages causes countless problems for people suffering from addiction but even more devastating are the mothers who drink when pregnant. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome is a disorder that refers to mental and physical effects of an individual whose mother consumed large quantities of alcohol during pregnancy. Alcohol can destroy neurons in a growing fetus along with causing problems with growth and weight. In the past, alcohol has been shownRead MoreFetal Alcohol Syndrome Is A Collection Of Multiple Effects Essay1264 Words   |  6 PagesFetal alcohol syndrome is a collection of multiple effects that happen because of exposure to al cohol in utero and can be a very serious problem that is prevalent. Fetal alcohol syndrome was first talked about and described in 1973 (Caley, Dunlap, Shipkey, Rivera, Winkelman, 2006). Over the years a lot has become known about the dangers of exposing a fetus to alcohol and how common it really is (Caley et al, 2006). According to Krulewitch (2005), 1 in 10 women will consume alcohol after knowingRead MoreFetal Alcohol Syndrome The Effects of Alcohol on a Fetus During Pregnancy1727 Words   |  7 Pages Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is caused by fetal exposure to alcohol during pregnancy and is characterized by specific patters of fetal deformities. Researchers are unsure at what stage in the pregnancy these malformations occur or the amount of alcohol consumed to cause these deformities. FAS is the leading cause of mental retardation that is preventable. There are usually three factors pertaining to a diagnosis of FAS: â€Å"the presence of prenatal/postnatal growth retard ation, craniofacial anomaliesRead MoreThe Effects Of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Students1117 Words   |  5 Pagesin. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome students struggle with their memory and struggle to remember the things they are being taught. Teachers should implement a daily planner for the students in order to help them keep up with their assignments and help them remember what they are to do each day and night for school. According to Catterick, teachers should â€Å"ensure that learning is multisensory where possible to give the child the best chance of taking in the information† (p. 113) Fetal Alcohol Syndrome students

Globalisation Of McDonalds Essay Example For Students

Globalisation Of McDonalds Essay About seven months ago, I met an American guy who had arrived at New Zealand just a few days before. While exchanging oursentiments (I am from Japan) on New Zealand and its culture, the guy told me how he was surprised to see the country is soAmericanised, mentioning McDonalds as one of the examples. Now, in a different sense, this was surprising to me, too. I hadnever had the idea that having McDonalds is being Americanised. In fact, McDonalds is nearly everywhere in the world so thatmany people think it has already become part of their own cultures. But then the question arises: How did this come to be thecase? Here is a brief outline of its history (based on Hebert, 1997; McDonalds Corp., 1997; Mclennan, 1996). HistoryIn 1937, McDonalds was founded as a small local restaurant by two brothers, Maurice and Richard McDonald in Pasadena,California. In 1948, the brothers then converted their barbecue drive-in with car hops into limited-menu, self-service drive-in, inSan Bernardino, Ca lifornia the first advent of quick service restaurant industry. It is in April 1955, however, that the realMcDonalds Corporation launched, by a salesman called Ray Kroc, who gained exclusive US franchising rights from thebrothers. Starting with Des Plaines, Illinois, McDonalds rapidly extended its outlets first over the Chicago area, then the US andeventually all over the world, including two largest restaurants in Moscow (1990) and Beijing (1992), both with 700 seats. Thereare currently over 21,000 restaurants in more than 100 countries (and about 100 in New Zealand), and the 1996 year-endsystemwide sales reached 31.812 billion dollars, 59 percent of which came from the outside of the US. McDonaldizationThe worldwide business of McDonalds is not just a globalisation of its economy. In his book, The McDonaldization of Society,the American sociologist Dr. George Ritzer (1993, cited by Allan, 1997) contends that it also represents the process ofrationalisation the master concept o f Max Webers analysis of modern capitalism, referring to a variety of related processesby which every aspect of human action became subject to calculation, measurement and control (Abercrombie, Hill Turner,1988, p.902, cited by Allan, 1997). According to Ritzer, McDonaldization can be understood in terms of the following aspects: (1) Efficiency: To achieve a specific purpose, people tend to prefer the way that maximises the speed and minimises the cost. However, in many spheres of society, such efficiency is defined for the sake of the industry or business, and people arenevertheless led to believe that it is beneficial to themselves (Allan, 1997; Keel, 1997). Some examples include, ATM, self-servicepetrol, or more recently, we began to serve drinks for ourselves in certain fast food restaurants. (2) Calculability: This is the emphasis of the notion that the more, the better, as well as the faster, the better (Allan, 1997; Keel,1997). That is, quantity and quickness are often equalised with quality. For instance, many people are prone to evaluate products interms of how much they sold within what period of time, whether they be CDs, films, cars, or even tourist attractions. Or else, asfor fast food, things like Extra Value Meals or Big Crunch (or Tower) Burger Combo are constantly offered, and they really doplease most customers. (3) Predictability: Society is more and more structured and organised so that people can predict what wi ll happen in particularsituations with reasonable accuracy (Allan, 1997; Keel, 1997). People expect the same procedures and tastes as last time inrestaurants, or enjoy sequels of movies, video games, TV series and the like with which they had pleasant experience before. .ue5ed66310af1f6a461dfab68752b93df , .ue5ed66310af1f6a461dfab68752b93df .postImageUrl , .ue5ed66310af1f6a461dfab68752b93df .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue5ed66310af1f6a461dfab68752b93df , .ue5ed66310af1f6a461dfab68752b93df:hover , .ue5ed66310af1f6a461dfab68752b93df:visited , .ue5ed66310af1f6a461dfab68752b93df:active { border:0!important; } .ue5ed66310af1f6a461dfab68752b93df .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue5ed66310af1f6a461dfab68752b93df { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue5ed66310af1f6a461dfab68752b93df:active , .ue5ed66310af1f6a461dfab68752b93df:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue5ed66310af1f6a461dfab68752b93df .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue5ed66310af1f6a461dfab68752b93df .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue5ed66310af1f6a461dfab68752b93df .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue5ed66310af1f6a461dfab68752b93df .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue5ed66310af1f6a461dfab68752b93df:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue5ed66310af1f6a461dfab68752b93df .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue5ed66310af1f6a461dfab68752b93df .ue5ed66310af1f6a461dfab68752b93df-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue5ed66310af1f6a461dfab68752b93df:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: 13. Were The Elizabethans More Bloodthirsty Or Tolerant Of EssayBuildings are constructed into similar layout with similar decorations. (4) Control: Uncertainty, unpredictability and inefficiency get eliminated from any rationalising systems, and that is especiallymanifested by the substitution of non-human for human technology (Allan, 1997; Keel, 1997). By this means, people have less tothink and work on their own, yet at the same time, less control over their own actions. For example, employees only have to followthe instructions and push the buttons in fast food shops; supermarkets have replaced old registers with scanners; automaticoperation of trains is becoming preva lent, and so forth. Again, these are not for the interests of employees or customers, but forthose of employers. Finally, Ritzer points out that this rationalisation, or McDonaldization, frequently yields, on the contrary, rather irrational results(Allan, 1997; Keel, 1997). Most specifically, irrationality means that rational systems are unreasonable systems. By that I mean thatthey deny the basic humanity, the human reason, of the people who work within or are served by them(Ritzer, 1994, p.154, cited by Keel, 1997). After all, people make long queues to get fast food that is full of fat, cholesterol, sodium and other unhealthy ingredients, and thentake the trouble to dump the rubbish instead of the workers, which in turn becomes a source of pollution of the naturalenvironment. And this irrationality is not confined to fast food industry; McDonalds is only a metaphor that exemplifies the wholeprocesses of rationalisation, as has already been noted. My Personal RantSince I am not a sociology-major student, my understanding of McDonaldization may not be accurate, and I certainly do not havea clue on whether such phenomena are good or bad. Still, the point I want to make here is clear: Our societies are increasinglyreigned by global standards, which profoundly affect the way we think, process information, and interact with others. (Yes, I knowthis is a kind of clich in psychology.) Without doubt, McDonalds and its ideas define part of our lives, and across cultures, wedefinitely share certain commo nalities, both materially and psychologically. The only concern that remains, however, is the factthat the standardisation is typically based on the fashion preferred by those who are socially affluent or culturally dominant. In thisregard, the same is true for the internet system. Surely, this technology is a revolutionary tool that not only removes boundariesfrom the realms of our social interactions, but also pushes further the potential of human cognitive development. Nonetheless,information found on the net is the product of people who have access to computers, with inevitable reflection of their ownpersonal or social viewpoints.

Whitman Essays (335 words) - Song Of Myself, Walt Whitman, Whitman

Whitman Whitmans Definition of Individuality During a lecture in 1907, William James said the philosophy which is so important in each of us is not a technical matter; it is our more or less dumb sense of what life honestly means. It is only partly got from books; it is our individual way of just seeing and feeling the total push and pressure of the cosmos (Bartlett 546) Individuality has been a prevalent theme in every type of literature for quite some time. Whether it is a character discovering his/her individuality or the author expressing his, literature is full of distinction. The term individuality has different meaning for each person. This is what makes the dynamic word so great. In many of the works read this session, individuality is a central concept. Walt Whitman expresses his own distinct view of life in Song of Myself. Whitman's radical ideas of individualism have a great deal to do with his Quaker background. The Quaker religion is one in which the authority is Inner Light. Whitman himself was not only personally familiar with, but deeply impressed by, a religion whose only authority was the Inner Light (Canoy 481). The Inner Light is a special influence, which made Whitman's poetry unique. This particular influence would guide Whitman on a path of soul searching, as well as help him define himself as an individual. In section fifteen of Song of Myself, Whitman describes people from every class and every profession. He writes, the young fellow drives the express-wagon...love him though I do not know him (2753). Here we see evidence of the open-minded attitude Whitman wishes people would take toward each other. Whitman demonstrates love for all thingswith or without prior knowledge of them. He goes on to say Ibreathe the air and leave plenty after me, and am not stuck up, and am in my place (2756). Whitman expresses contentment at having explored the world and found his place in it. English Essays

The fun they had Essay Example

The fun they had Essay Example The fun they had Paper The fun they had Paper The events of this story take place in distant future, 2157. There are no real schools here, the books printed on paper are replaced by screen books and human teachers are replaced by mechanical ones. The hero of this story Tommy once finds a very unusual book in which words are static. This book describes a school from centuries earlier, where children used to gather in one large building to be taught by a real person. Margin, Tommys younger friend, is very curious, but her mother calls her because it is time for school, where she will be taught by a robot. So, the problem raised by the author in this text is about modern technologies and their influence on people. The extract is written in the form of the third person narration, the narrator doesnt participate in the actions but knows everything about the characters. The narration here is combined with dialogue which takes the most part of the story. The general slant is lyrical and a bit sentimental. Tonality in the story is rather bright and emotional as here is displayed the communication of the children. From the point of view of its composition this text may be vided into four parts: exposition, plot-development, climax and denouement. In drawing the main characters the author resorts to the indirect method of characterization. The author doses ; t state what the characters are like, they are revealed through their dialogues, actions and thoughts. Tommy is 13 year old boy who leaves an impression of serious and curious child. But in his dialogues with Margin he seems quite arrogant. He finds his superiority in the facts that he is older, cleverer and moreover he is the one who found their little treasure a real book. As for eleven year old Margin she also seems to be curious and thoughtful and her failure with the tests in geography is caused by her negative attitude to the modern way of teaching. The first part of the story is rather small and it states the Tommys discovery of the book. Then comes plot development where this book is described. The words stood still in it instead of moving like on a screen. The indirect onomatopoeia  «crinkly pages » underlines its antiquity. Tommy ; s euphemism  «Gee » shows us his astonishment about this discovery. When Margin gets to know that it s about school she becomes scornful as she hates school. The parallel constructions  «Margin always hated school, but now she hated it more than ever »,  «test after test in geography and she had been doing worse and worse » emphasize her irritation towards the mechanical teacher. It is evidently contrasts with the County Inspector who comes to repair it. He was a round little man who smiled at Margin, patted her head, gave her an apple and took the hateful teacher apart. The gradation large ND black and ugly once more stresses Margin s attitude towards the mechanical teacher and her unwillingness to be taught by it. So she asks Tommy why would anyone write about the school. Tommy looks at her with very superior eyes, this epithet and his colloquial stupid, his reference to Margin, proves the boy s arrogance. He answers that this is old kind of school where a teacher was t regular, it was a man. And here the story reaches its climax. Margin is very surprised about it, she says that a man sin t smart enough and that she doses t want a strange man in her house. Tommy screams with laughter, that shows his attitude again and tells Margin about special buildings where kids were taught together. Margin is amazed about all this facts and wants to read more. The denouement comes when Margin ;s mother calls her to go to school. In the classroom the girl thinks about the kids of the old kinds of schools, about the fun they had and we can see that she really envies them. By using informal vocabulary, colloquial words and short simple sentences the author draws the characters of the children and creates unconstrained mood.

Water - Wine - Milk - Beer Chemistry Demonstration

Water - Wine - Milk - Beer Chemistry Demonstration Chemistry demonstrations in which solutions appear to magically change color leave a lasting impression on students and help instill an interest in science. Heres a color change demo in which a solution seems to change from water to wine to milk to beer simply be being poured into the appropriate beverage glass. Difficulty: Average Time Required: Prepare the solutions in advance; demo time is up to you Heres How: First, prepare the glassware, since this demonstration relies on the presence of chemicals added to the glasses before the water is added.For the water glass: Fill the glass about 3/4 full of distilled water. Add 20-25 ml of saturated sodium bicarbonate with 20% sodium carbonate solution. The solution should have a pH 9.Place a few drops of phenolphthalein indicator in the bottom of the wine glass.Pour ~10 ml saturated barium chloride solution into the bottom of the milk glass.Place a very small number of crystals of sodium dichromate into the beer mug. Up to this point, the set-up can be performed in advance of the demonstration. Just prior to performing the demo, add 5 ml concentrated HCl to the beer mug.To perform the demonstration, simply pour the solution from the water glass into the wine glass. Pour the resulting solution into the milk glass. This solution is finally poured into the beer mug. Tips: Use goggles, gloves, and proper safety precautions when making the solutions and handling the chemicals. In particular, use caution with the conc. HCl, which can cause a serious acid burn.Avoid accidents! If you are using real drinking glasses, please reserve this glassware solely for this demonstration and take care that the prepared glassware is kept away from children/pets/etc. As always, label your glassware, too. What You Need: distilled water saturated sodium bicarbonate; 20% sodium carbonate ph9phenolphthalein indicatorsaturated barium chloride solution (aqueous)crystals of sodium dichromateconcentrated hydrochloric acidwater glasswine glassmilk glassbeer mug

Criminal Justice Systems Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Criminal Justice Systems - Research Paper Example Upon determination of probable cause, the court may conduct search and seizure of specific properties based on alleged proofs or facts indicating that crime indeed happens in specific places (Smith, 2012); b. Arrest done by police authorities of suspected persons for custodial investigation based on probable cause determine by court of jurisdiction to reasonably ascertain the relation of the arrested person to the alleged commission of crimes; (Smith, 2012); c. Conduct of prosecution of a criminal defendant at the district attorney’s office based on evidences and factors in consonance to the gravity and seriousness of crime allegedly committed (Smith, 2012); d. Indictment which is judicially executed by the grand jury upon filing of sufficient information to the office of the prosecutor based on the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedures. Based on the Miranda doctrine, the defendant can choose to have a lawyer of his choice or be afforded by the state for legal representation du ring hearing (Smith, 2012); e. Arraignment by judge before trial to know whether accused enters a plea of guilty or not guilty (Smith, 2012); f. Pre-trial detention and availing of bail (Smith, 2012); g. Plea bargaining between defense lawyer and prosecutor (Smith, 2012); h. Conduct of trial and rendition of decision based on adjudicatory function of the court. Guilt is determined by judge or jury with the participation of prosecutor and defense lawyers. In criminal court, the judge will render conviction based on evidences and determination of guilt beyond reasonable doubt (Smith, 2012); i. The judge convict by rendering its sentence when guilt is determined (Smith, 2012); j. Depending on the result of the trial and the satisfaction of parties involved, an appeal may be filed to appellate court. When the latter reverse decisions, the case will be remanded to lower court for retrial (Smith, 2012); Following the September 9/11 incident, United States broadened the function of the cri minal justice system to make the system as tool of national power for anti-terrorism – inclusive of military intelligence operation (Russo, 2012; Bureau of Justice Assistance, 2000; Cohn, 1978). Authorities believed that this is an effective tool in reducing the capacity of the terrorist group operating within and external of United States. The state has proved that the criminal justice system is good for generating accurate and reliable information to crack the network of terror groups (Russo, 2012; Bureau of Justice Assistance, 2000). 2. Examine the three components of the American Criminal Justice System. Find an issue for each component that you think needs to be addressed to make the system more effective. Devise a solution for each issue and explain your solutions. The three categories of the American Criminal Justice System are federal, state and military (Smith, 2012). Added to these are subcategories which include adult and juvenile cases. Each of these has three maj or components. The first component is law enforcement. This is perceived as the most important part because this cover enforcement of laws and application of investigations and arrest of persons who are culpable under the laws of the state, the federal and the military (Smith, 2012). Law enforcements include filing of charges and putting the convict under reformation to change its behaviour before it’

Current Events and US Diplomacy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Current Events and US Diplomacy - Research Paper Example The members started enjoying greater freedom as a result of change of policy of the Russian. Remarkably lessening of the two countries tension after cordial atmosphere of the informal discussions between them had been reached. The U.S in October and November 1956 did not support or help the Hungarian rioters, nor the British and French attack on Egypt, thus the relationship improved. By 1960, peaceful coexistence had improved between the countries. The demands for putting up military bases in Turkey, offering economic support, prompted U.S to declare the Truman Doctrine in 1947, and that is when the relationship of the two countries started. Americans provided security to Turkey and economic support plus a large scale of U.S military there. The mutual interest in containing Soviet expansion made the relationship grow, and this resulted into Turkey becoming a multi party democracy. The relationship has again made Turkey join NATO, provide military in Korean War, and cooperate with U.S allies in Middle East. Turkey provided military base and received funding from the U.S for military activities. U.S also supported Turkish economy by pushing for International Monetary Fund (IMF) program to help Turkey, and did not criticize Turkey human rights allegations and the Kurdish problem (Dumbrell, 2007). The U.S has maintained a relationship with Turkey for strategic interests; including the longstanding competition with the Soviet Union, economic interests; particularly accessing the Middle East oil, strong cultural ties that bind the Turkish Americans, American Jews, Arab Americans, and Iranian Americans. The U.S has used diplomatic, economic, and military power in support of these interests. The current relationship the U.S and Turkey did come to test over the United State’s instigation war actions against Iraq. Northern Iraq acts as the haven for Kurdish terrorist organization thus Turkey is against the, as by destabilizing Iraq, the Kurds can claim their indep endence from Turkey and other Middle East countries which have a sizable number of Kurdish populations. However, bilateral relationship between the two allies continued through diplomatic, humanitarian and indirect military support. The U.S also does share several international organizations with Turkey, and has been actively involved in pushing for Turkish membership to European Union. The two countries also started to cooperate on peaceful usage of nuclear energy for the exchange of skills, material, reactors and mechanism for nuclear research, and creation in Turkey for an initial period of fifteen years (Dumbrell, 2007). To avoid derailing diplomatic progress, the U.S president visited Turkey and met with their President, where they committed to the partnership between the two nations. Initially it was like just a military relationship for the partnership in security issues in Afghanistan, Iraq, Iran, Balkans, Black Sea, Caucuses and Middle East besides the global financial cris is. The U.S has further offered Turkish troops to Afghanistan and Pakistan secure transport, and equipment from the port of Iskenderun during the pulling out of US troops from Iraq, and the pro –Kurdish terrorists working in south-eastern Turkey and northern Iraq. The U.S helped Turkish government to normalize

Marketing Solution Essay Example for Free

Marketing Solution Essay This paper will use a problem solving model to solve Classic Airline’s marketing problem. The company is suffering within the airline industry due to several factors, a couple being the massive increase of costs for fuel and labor. The resolution in conquering the airlines dilemma will be addressed in a comprehensive nine-step problem solving model. This model will include Defining the Problem, Gathering Facts, Feelings, and Opinion, Identifying the Real Problem, Generate Possible Solutions, Generate Possible Solutions, Evaluate Alternatives, Select Best Alternatives, Gain Approval and Support, Implement Decision and Evaluate Results. The factors of this difficulty in the marketing of this company will be identified, analyzed, followed by a robust decision on the strategy to resolve Classic Airlines’ crisis. Step One: The Problem There has been a reduction in employee morale (which is at an all time low), the increase in fuel and labor has contributed to the increase in expenses these factors have the airline in a tailspin within the industry. This is not all due to marketing the company can not be held accountable for the price of fuel nor can it take responsibility for the scrutiny on the airlines from the sectors of the economy outside of the airline industry. According to the American Marketing Association Board of Directors (2012), Marketing research is the function that links the consumer, customer, and public to the marketer through information used to identify and define marketing opportunities and problems; generate, refine, and evaluate marketing actions; monitor marketing performance; and improve understanding of marketing as a process (Definition of Marketing Research, sec. 2). The research in marketing is vital to Classic Airline’s ability to correct most of its problems it will not only bring loyal customers back but provide other opportunities for the airline to further stabilize itself within the airline industry. The key to the research required for the airline is to be as in depth as possible with the opinion of the public, it will also require the company to find the most cost effective resources for fuel and labor. The research shows that economic conditions have contributed to a reduction of ticket purchases however it is not the price of the ticket that has caused the decline. Step Two: Gathering the Facts, Feelings and Opinions The position in the airline industry of Classic Airlines is that it is the 5th largest airline in the world. The leader with the airlines comprises more than 375 jets that travel to 240 cities and run in excess of 2,300 flights a day (University of Phoenix, 2012). The company employs about 32,000 professionals to maintain its massive operation. This industry colossal earned over $10 million in profit on $8. 7 billion in ticket sales. In spite of the leader position in the business Classic Airlines is experiencing some negative changes recently. In the last year, the Classic Reward Program saw a 19% decline in the number of members and the current members purchased 21% less flights (University of Phoenix, 2012). The feelings of the employees are based on the public’s opinion of the airline industry which has caused them to have doubts about their line of work and the stability of the business. The Labor Union is the focal point in gathering the feelings of the employees, which are the airline greatest assets. Classic Airlines can increase moral by addressing the employees’ labor contracts to show their staff that they are appreciated. During the Shareholders meeting the company officials can hear the opinions of the group of people that do not control the everyday operation of the company but provide vital capital to the airline. In many ways the opinion of the Shareholders are a direct reflection of the publics’ view of the industry and the company. Shareholders are the owners of a business and are the ultimate decision-makers on the direction of a company. While the management of a company has the day-to-day decision-making power, shareholders guide the strategy, financing and selection of management of the firm. In many cases, shareholders are the management of the firm (Azcentral. com 2013). The opinion of the upper management via the CEO, Amanda Miller, and CFO, Catherine Simpson, are strictly addressing the problem through looking at the numbers and trying to make adjustments accordingly. This is of the opposite opinion on the CMO, Kevin Boyle, who feels that marketing will regain the trust of the general public, the employees and the shareholders to increase confidence in the airline. The conflict for Classic Airlines lies in whether or not the vastly different opinions on how to provide a olution to the company can be merged or selectively decided upon. Step Three: Identify the Real Problem The facts have been gathered and it has previously been stated that the confidence in the industry has not been the same across the board. This is due to events that have nothing to do directly with the 5th largest airline in the world, Classic Airlines, or any other company in the business. The othe r side effect of the catastrophe of September 11th caused the economy to shift in a downward motion which triggered prices to rise. The effects of the economy and the disaster have caused a serious predicament in the increase in expenses for materials, fuel, labor, costs of goods and services, and labor which also reduced customer confidence. The Classic Rewards Program is suffering losses every year and the frequent flier association has suffered a loss of around 20% of its members (University of Phoenix, 2012). The feelings of the employees are likewise a reflection of the lack of confidence the general public feels towards the industry and Classic Airlines is not developing confidence by refusing to address its labor issues to stabilize their employees. The Shareholders are also not confident in the company not because it was not preserving its market share or position in the industry however the external factors caused them to be a bit more cautious in investing their money. The final real problem is the polarization in upper management which has to be resolved immediately to not only reflect a positive direction for shareholders but that will result in a solution that sets Classic Airlines apart from its competition. Another real problem for example, is the data system the company uses which is the Customer Relationship Management system (CRM) that has not been utilized properly and in doing so has allowed the company to not actualize what is causing their customer’s dissatisfaction. In correlation to the opinion of the CMO, Kevin Boyle, in addressing the needs of the customer could provide profitability and the ability to give their customers what they are lacking. The upper management should not look at this time as a number crunching session nor should it drift away in contentment. Conversely Classic Airline should take this opportunity to explore new ideas and options that will solidify the fact that they are one of the industry leaders for a reason. If all these real problems are address correctly the company will maintain or even increase its place in the airline industry. Step Four: Generate Possible Solutions There are several possibilities that will affect the profitability of the airline. They can merge with another airline or downsize the company by separating the domestic and international businesses with the possibility of selling off the lower producing divisions. Sell the less used planes and equipment to generate immediate income for the company to use in other areas. The shareholders can deem the Upper Management as underachieving and begin to replace them with what they would consider more qualified candidates, in hopes of getting into the correct position within the airline industry. Classic Airlines can concentrate its focus on the employees and customers to increase their confidence. The company could look at the financial picture of the company and make adjustments to make the streamline the firm. Selling off the plane and equipment may be risky because of the lack of customer confidence. Classic could also look to expand globally to gain a larger market share in the foreign market. The shareholder removing the Upper Management would be too time consuming and too much of a chance if in fact the replacement can not improve the missteps of the original managers. Concentrating on the employees and costumers may be the cornerstone of success for the company because the employees are already familiar with their duties and the customers were loyal in the past. This simply means that the pieces are already in place to stabilize the company but the strategies must be implemented. Step Five: Evaluate Alternatives Downsizing is almost like throwing in the towel for the 5th largest airline in the world and it probably would not be cost effective with the climate in the airline industry. Merging with another company within reason may help to increase the overall scope of the company if the opportunity to maintain market share was present. The company could streamline its resources and utilize every tool that is accessible to them in order to run a more efficient organization. Global expansion could bring in more revenue with a slight transference in the amount of flights from low producing locations. Step Six: Best Alternatives The solution to this vast problem within Classic Airlines starts with Upper Management. The management team needs to get on the same page, committed to gearing the company in a positive direction and being open minded then good things will follow for the company. The first problem to be addressed begins with the most valuable asset of any company, the employees. The CEO and CFO need to hold a meeting with the CMO to get an idea of why the employee moral is so low and what issues they have with the Labor Union. In doing so, they can form a strategy to allow the opinions of the employees to be heard but having themselves prepared to meet their employees’ demands and needs within reason. The next step in providing a possible solution is to gather as much data on the customers as possible to get them back to flying with Classic. The Customer Relationship Management system (CRM) needs to have a direct Administrator that is specifically in charge of gathering data about the customers. This information plays a major role in exploring the customer’s needs and wants. The administrator will provide the information to Upper Management so they will be informed of why they are loosing business yearly. Once the information is collected and documented management can strategize on meeting the customer’s needs. The airline may have to give away a few trips, coupons, provide better seating or more beer on longer flights, nonetheless if the company provides what the customer demands it will surely gain the business that it has lost and probably more than anticipated. Classic Airlines would not exist without its customers or its employees, therefore these problems should be address immediately. According to new research from the University of Missouri (MU), CEOs who pay attention to employees job satisfaction are able to boost both customer satisfaction and increase the number of customers who intend to do repeat business with the company (www. usinessnewsdaily. com 2013). The next problem can be solved by executing the previous solutions which will gain confidence in the marketplace and peak the interest of potential investors to start looking into Classic Airlines once again. Upper Management needs to hold a Shareholders meeting to address the changes that were identified in the two previous solutions and what that has provided for the company’s revenue potential. Hold the meeting will show the investors that they are up for the task as Upper Management and provide the investors with the confidence that hey desperately needed in the airline. The CMO, Keith Boyle has a former colleague, Osef Wymann, Marketing Executive of Skyway Airlines in Switzerland that can expand the business globally (University of Phoenix 2012). This opportunity can increase the European scope of the company and allow for growth in that arena. Implementing these solutions could increase the total profitability of Classic Airlines and curtail the financial difficulties that the company is currently confronting. Step Seven: Gain Approval and Support The solutions provided in the previous section would be presented to Upper Management, Employees and Shareholders alike. The company as a whole would be an open book and all opinions are addressed and heard throughout the process. It is the job of Upper Management to research and know the concerns of all contributors to the operation of the company. In any given situation everyone will not agree, however if the collect issues are addressed and met then the ideals, goals and expectations are set and should be fairly easy to implement. Step Eight: Implement Decision After Upper Management has gained the support of all of its contributors it is now time to implement the solutions. Weekly meetings will be held by all departments of the airline with all employees to reiterate what the goals of the company are moving forward. There will be monthly meetings with mid and upper management to discuss the results of the meetings and gather data on the success and the short comings. The CRM administrator should provide a daily report to the executives of Classic Airlines to insure customer satisfaction. The international venture with Skyway Airlines will be supervised by the CMO selecting a staff and monitoring the successes or failures. Eventually this will be removed as a responsibility of the CMO but because of the relationship he has with the executive of Skyway it would make sense for him to begin the business model. It is imperative that Upper Management address the labor Union and the shareholders to make sure their needs are being met on a quarterly basis. Step Nine: Evaluate Results In every facet of Classic Airlines there will be surveys, customer service inquiries, polling, advertisement offering a toll free customer service number, internet contact information for opinions on the customer’s experience. In every meeting room from the local employees’ weekly meeting to the quarterly shareholder gala there will be comment cards and surveys. This data will be collected and put into document form so that Upper Management will remain aware of there level of success. With all of these provisions in place Classic Airline is sure to overcome its current problems and fly above the competition.

A Phoney in The Fifty Dollar Bill :: The Fifty Dollar Bill

A Phoney in The Fifty Dollar Bill  Ã‚        Ã‚  In "The Fifty Dollar Bill" written by Donald Hall, the narrator of the story seems to be an honest man, but is he really? I believe for the most part he is very honest—except for when he did not want to be drafted so he bribed his congressman. He had several reasons for wanting to be exempt from the draft. He was always honest, until he realized he had something important that could be lost. The very beginning of the story starts with the narrator talking to us (the readers) about how honest he is. He tells about how he is well respected both in his profession and in the community where respect "is not accorded easily" (Hall 957). He is saying since he is a lawyer, respect is hard to earn. He tells us all the things he has never done: "I have never asked the judge who is my best friend to fix a ticket for the son of my liquor dealer. I have never promised a favor to a detective in order to hide evidence unfavorable to my client" (957). He is making it a point for us to believe he is honest. When he talks about other lawyers, he says they "live on intimate terms with dishonesty" (957). This statement implies that he could not handle being dishonest, or that at least he does not "live on intimate terms" with dishonesty. However, the final statement of the first paragraph, "I call myself an honest man," does not really sound like he means what he is saying. He says, "I call myself an honest man," not "I am an honest man." If the narrator was so worried about being honest, what reasons could he have had to try to bribe the congressman? He had a lot to deal with when the rumors of the draft came around. The narrator was a third-year law student. He only had one more year to complete before he got his degree. His wife was pregnant and about to have their first child. Those two things were very important to him, and he could not take the chance of losing them. Not only this, but he feared his own death. He had a "repeated sequence in his mind’s eye" in which he kept seeing his own death. The dream not only took place while be was asleep, he also saw his death while he was awake.

Pakistan Studies

B. 2 Natural Resources – An Issue of Sustainability d)_Fish (Syllabus 2011) d)_Fish Candidates should be able to †¢ describe the fishing methods used in both marine and inland waters, including fish farms, †¢ give examples of the fish caught in both marine & inland waters & of the fish reared on fish farms, †¢ give examples of the fishing ports on both the Balochistan and Sindh coasts, †¢ describe the uses of the fish caught. explain improvements in fishing methods and processing techniques †¢ understand the problems facing the fishing industry and evaluate the possibilities for its further development and sustainability ____________________________________________________________________________ Question: 2 (May / June 2000) (d) (i) For marine fishing name the main catch and the most important export market for the catch. [2] (ii) For inland fishing state where and why fish are caught. [5] Question: 2(October / November 2002) (a) Study the following. Fish Group 1 – crab, lobster, prawns (jhinga), sardines, sharkGroup 2 – hila, mahseer, palla, trout Group 3 – herring, mackerel, sardines, shark Fishing Areas A – inland fisheries (freshwater) B – Makran (Balochistan) Coast C – Indus Delta (Sindh) Coast (i) In which fishing area are the fish in group 1 caught? [1] (ii) In which fishing area are the fish in group 2 caught? [1] (iii) Describe the fishing industry of the Makran Coast with reference to methods of catching the fish, ports and the uses of the fish caught. [6] (iv) Increasingly fish are obtained from fish farms. Describe this method of producing fish. 4] (v) Why are fish so plentiful in the mangroves of the Indus Delta Coast? [4] Question: 4(October / November 2003) (b) (i) State and explain the main functions of the ports on the Balochistan coast. [5] (ii) Why are the ports in Balochistan small? [4] Question: 3 (May / June 2004) (a) Study Photograph (opposite) which shows part of a fish farm at Faiz, south of Multan. (i) Describe the lay-out and features of the fish farm. [4] (ii) How has the physical topography of the area made it easy to construct the ponds? [3] (iii) Where has the material come from that has been used to make the banks of the ponds? 1] (b) Why is fish farming of growing importance in Pakistan? Credit will be given if you name a species of fresh water fish reared on fish farms. [4] Question: 1 (May / June 2005) (b) (iii) The area of mangrove forest has decreased in size in recent years. How and why has this affected the local fisheries? [2] Question: 4 (May / June 2008) (a) (i) Name two fishing ports on the coast of Balochistan. [2] (ii) Name two types of marine fish caught by fishermen. [2] (iii) Describe subsistence fishing methods. [3] (iv) Explain how these methods can be improved to make fishing commercial. 4] (b) (i) How can fish be stored and processed onshore? [3] (ii) Why is fish processing called ‘value-added’? [1] ( iii) How does the poor infrastructure of Balochistan make development of the Fishing industry difficult? [4] (c) Study Fig. (opposite), a graph comparing the production of marine and inland fisheries in Pakistan. (i) Compare the changes shown in the graph. [3] (ii) Explain why more people are employed in inland fisheries than marine fishing. [3] Question: 2(October / November 2008) (c) (ii) Explain how industries can pollute river and sea water. 4] (iii) Explain how this pollution affects fishing. [3] Question: 1(October / November 2010) (b) Study Fig. (opposite), which shows the weight of marine fish caught 1996–2006. The weight of fish caught in 2006 was less than in 1996. (i) Suggest two reasons for this decrease. [2] (ii) Describe how the weight of fish caught changed in the years between 1996 and 2006. [3] (c) Describe how marine fishing methods can be improved. [5] (d) Study Fig. (opposite). With reference to Fig. (opposite), explain the advantages and disadvantages of developing the fishing industry in Pakistan. [6] Pakistan Studies B. 2 Natural Resources – An Issue of Sustainability d)_Fish (Syllabus 2011) d)_Fish Candidates should be able to †¢ describe the fishing methods used in both marine and inland waters, including fish farms, †¢ give examples of the fish caught in both marine & inland waters & of the fish reared on fish farms, †¢ give examples of the fishing ports on both the Balochistan and Sindh coasts, †¢ describe the uses of the fish caught. explain improvements in fishing methods and processing techniques †¢ understand the problems facing the fishing industry and evaluate the possibilities for its further development and sustainability ____________________________________________________________________________ Question: 2 (May / June 2000) (d) (i) For marine fishing name the main catch and the most important export market for the catch. [2] (ii) For inland fishing state where and why fish are caught. [5] Question: 2(October / November 2002) (a) Study the following. Fish Group 1 – crab, lobster, prawns (jhinga), sardines, sharkGroup 2 – hila, mahseer, palla, trout Group 3 – herring, mackerel, sardines, shark Fishing Areas A – inland fisheries (freshwater) B – Makran (Balochistan) Coast C – Indus Delta (Sindh) Coast (i) In which fishing area are the fish in group 1 caught? [1] (ii) In which fishing area are the fish in group 2 caught? [1] (iii) Describe the fishing industry of the Makran Coast with reference to methods of catching the fish, ports and the uses of the fish caught. [6] (iv) Increasingly fish are obtained from fish farms. Describe this method of producing fish. 4] (v) Why are fish so plentiful in the mangroves of the Indus Delta Coast? [4] Question: 4(October / November 2003) (b) (i) State and explain the main functions of the ports on the Balochistan coast. [5] (ii) Why are the ports in Balochistan small? [4] Question: 3 (May / June 2004) (a) Study Photograph (opposite) which shows part of a fish farm at Faiz, south of Multan. (i) Describe the lay-out and features of the fish farm. [4] (ii) How has the physical topography of the area made it easy to construct the ponds? [3] (iii) Where has the material come from that has been used to make the banks of the ponds? 1] (b) Why is fish farming of growing importance in Pakistan? Credit will be given if you name a species of fresh water fish reared on fish farms. [4] Question: 1 (May / June 2005) (b) (iii) The area of mangrove forest has decreased in size in recent years. How and why has this affected the local fisheries? [2] Question: 4 (May / June 2008) (a) (i) Name two fishing ports on the coast of Balochistan. [2] (ii) Name two types of marine fish caught by fishermen. [2] (iii) Describe subsistence fishing methods. [3] (iv) Explain how these methods can be improved to make fishing commercial. 4] (b) (i) How can fish be stored and processed onshore? [3] (ii) Why is fish processing called ‘value-added’? [1] ( iii) How does the poor infrastructure of Balochistan make development of the Fishing industry difficult? [4] (c) Study Fig. (opposite), a graph comparing the production of marine and inland fisheries in Pakistan. (i) Compare the changes shown in the graph. [3] (ii) Explain why more people are employed in inland fisheries than marine fishing. [3] Question: 2(October / November 2008) (c) (ii) Explain how industries can pollute river and sea water. 4] (iii) Explain how this pollution affects fishing. [3] Question: 1(October / November 2010) (b) Study Fig. (opposite), which shows the weight of marine fish caught 1996–2006. The weight of fish caught in 2006 was less than in 1996. (i) Suggest two reasons for this decrease. [2] (ii) Describe how the weight of fish caught changed in the years between 1996 and 2006. [3] (c) Describe how marine fishing methods can be improved. [5] (d) Study Fig. (opposite). With reference to Fig. (opposite), explain the advantages and disadvantages of developing the fishing industry in Pakistan. [6]

Steady State Theory and Pulsating Theory

In cosmology, the Steady State theory (also known as the Infinite Universe theory or continuous creation) is a model developed in 1948 by Fred Hoyle, Thomas Gold, Hermann Bondi and others as an alternative to the Big Bang theory (known, usually, as the standard cosmological model). In steady state views, new matter is continuously created as the universe expands, so that the perfect cosmological principle is adhered to.Theoretical calculations showed that a static universe was impossible under general relativity, and observations by Edwin Hubble had shown that the universe was expanding. The steady state theory asserts that although the universe is expanding, it nevertheless does not change its appearance over time (the perfect cosmological principle); it has no beginning and no end. The theory requires that new matter must be continuously created (mostly as hydrogen) to keep the average density of matter equal over time.The amount required is low and not directly detectable: roughly one solar mass of baryons per cubic megaparsec per year or roughly one hydrogen atom per cubic meter per billion years, with roughly five times as much dark matter. Such a creation rate, however, would cause observable effects on cosmological scales. Dust-Cloud Theory. Between 1940 and 1955 the German astronomer Carl f. von Weizsaccker, the Dutch-American astronomer Gerald P. Kuiper and the U. S. chemist Harold C.Urey worked out a theory that attempted to account for all the characteristics of the solar system that need to be explained. According to their dust-cloud theory, the solar system was formed from a slowly rotating cloud of dust and gas that contracted and started to rotate faster in its outer parts, where eddies formed. These eddies were small near the center of the cloud and larger at greater distances from the center. The distances corresponded more or less to the Titius-Bode relation.As the clouds cooled, materials coagulated near the edges of the eddies and eventually formed planets and asteroids, all moving in the same direction. The slowly rotating central part of the cloud condensed and formed the sun, and the sun's central temperature rose as gravity further compressed the material. When nuclear reactions eventually began in the suns interior, about 5 billion years ago, much of the nearby gas was blown away by the pressure of the sun's emitted light.Nevertheless the earthy retained an atmosphere consisting of methane, ammonia, carbon monoxide, water vapor, and nitrogen, with perhaps some hydrogen. In this primitive atmosphere and in the seas below it, organic compounds were formed that eventually resulted in living organisms. The organisms evolved in the next 2 billion years into higher plants and animals, and photosynthesis by plants and the weathering of rock produced the oxygen in the earth's atmosphere.Although free gases near the sun were blown outward 4 to 5 billion years ago, according to the dust-cloud theory, the giant planets were too distant to be much affected. They are large, therefore, and contain a great amount of hydrogen. The comets, in turn, are thought to be the outer part of the primordial nebula, left behind as the inner part condensed to form the sun and the planets. The Dutch astronomer J. H. Oort speculated that this material condensed into chunks that continue to move along with the sun through space.Now and then a chunk is perturbed and falls slowly toward the sun. As it is heated by sunlight, it grows a coma and tail. The dust-cloud theory thus explains the solar system characteristics listed above. It is most weak in detailing the process whereby the planets and asteroids formed from solids that made up only a small percent of the primordial nebula. However, this is essentially a chemical problem, strongly dependent on the sequence or timing of events such as eddy formation, temperature changes, and the start of solar luminosity. Pulsating Theory: According to this theory, the universe is su pposed to be expanding and contracting alternately i. e. pulsating. At present, the universe is Expanding. According to pulsating theory, it is possible that at a certain time, the expansion of the universe may be stopped by the gravitational pull and the may contract again. After it has been contracted to a certain size, explosion again occurs and the universe will start expanding. The alternate expansion and contraction of the universe give rise to pulsating universe.

5 Types of Parallel-Structure Problems

5 Types of Parallel-Structure Problems 5 Types of Parallel-Structure Problems 5 Types of Parallel-Structure Problems By Mark Nichol There are many ways to botch the logical organization of a sentence. Here are examples of five variations, along with discussion and revision of each. 1. You can help not only position your organization for success when audited, but you can focus on protecting the sensitive information of your patients. Probably the the most common of problems with parallel structure is the mangling of â€Å"not only . . . but also† comparisons. When a verb sets up both the â€Å"not only† point and the â€Å"but also† counterpoint, it must precede â€Å"not only† so that it is not bound up with the first point and the â€Å"but also† phrase can therefore share it. Conversely, when each phrase contains its own verb, as here, one verb must follow â€Å"not only† and the other verb must follow â€Å"but also†: â€Å"You can not only help position your organization for success when audited, but you can also focus on protecting the sensitive information of your patients.† 2. She is as foolish, if not more foolish than, her fans. When a parenthetical phrase appears in a sentence, be sure that the sentence remains grammatically valid without it. When the interjection â€Å"if not more foolish than† is omitted from this sentence, what remains â€Å"She is as foolish her fans.† Because that sentence requires a second as to be inserted, after foolish, it belongs there when the parenthetical is included as well: â€Å"She is as foolish as, if not more foolish than, her fans.† 3. Employers can better communicate with this rapidly growing generation to increase their interest and retention of health, safety and loss-prevention training. Another common error in parallel structure is to assume that two nouns can share a preposition, when each requires its own. Here, â€Å"retention of† is a correct prepositional phrase, but interest does not combine with of; it requires its own idiomatic partner: â€Å"Employers can better communicate with this rapidly growing generation to increase their interest in and retention of health and safety loss-prevention training.† (The second prepositional phrase, bundled with and, can be parenthesized with commas, but the punctuation is not necessary.) 4. They called him sexist, racist, and highlighted his contentious relationship with the industry. This sentence makes three points: The person is sexist, the person is racist, and the person has a contentious relationship with the industry; observers are said to have labeled him with the first two negative qualities and emphasized a third factor. Just as the statement preceding the sentence you are reading right now has three verbs in the first clause, the original sentence requires a verb for each point. Better yet, the first two can be joined with a conjunction, rather than divided by a comma, so that they can share called: â€Å"They called him sexist and racist and highlighted his contentious relationship with the industry.† 5. Enforcement actions by regulators in the United Kingdom are usually less severe in comparison to the United States. Sometimes, the absence of a word or phrase renders a comparison incomplete. Here, enforcement actions are being faultily compared to a nation. For enforcement actions in one nation to be compared to enforcement actions in another nation, the detail, or a paraphrase of it (in this case, â€Å"those of†) must be reiterated: â€Å"Enforcement actions by regulators in the United Kingdom are usually less severe in comparison to those in the United States.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:25 Subordinating Conjunctions15 Words for Household Rooms, and Their SynonymsQuiet or Quite?

List Building Tricks to Get 10,000 Subscribers Fast (Bryan Harris Interview)

List Building Tricks to Get 10,000 Subscribers Fast (Bryan Harris Interview) List Building Tricks to Get 10,000 Subscribers Fast (Bryan Harris Interview) We’ve all been there. One minute we’re sitting at our desk (or shower or in our car) when we’re struck by a genius idea that HAS to get out. We start to write and create without any thought to things like marketing or list building.Bryan Harris, serial entrepreneur and founder of Videofruit.com, calls this â€Å"writing in a cave.† He says writers/entrepreneurs need to avoid the â€Å"cycle of guaranteed failure† by really thinking about what needs to be done leading up to your book. If your book is something that only your mom and grandma know about, then your book launch is in trouble. Bryan stumbled upon his professional passion when he discovered the world of video editing and fell in love with the industry. Since then, he says that he’s been going crazy growing his new business. Through his business trials and tribulations, Bryan has gained valuable insight on how to grow an audience and launch your first book. Bryan learned that a lot o f strategies don’t work, but he’s developed some time-tested list building tricks that do work.Bryan says you should â€Å"Think of your list as a group of people eagerly waiting to buy from you. If you build it and nurture it right, you will have lifelong fans.†Ã‚  Debunking 3 Popular MythsBryan debunks three popular myths about growing your list and number of subscribers.Myth 1:You have to have the perfect idea.There’s the myth of waiting until everything is perfect to take action. The problem with this is that perfection is unattainable. If you wait for everything to be perfect to start a project, you’ll never start anything. You don’t find customers for your product, instead find products for your customers. Get people and an audience first, then the rest will follow. Myth 2: You have to be an expert in something before you can build your list and launch your book. A second common myth is that you need to establish yourself as an expert before you launch your book. Don’t fall prey to this myth. We caution you about attempting to play the part of guru. It’s far more effective to take a learn out loud approach. Take a topic and ask, â€Å"Are you curious about the topic? Can you share what you learn? Are you able to be humble, kind, and giving?† You can then share this information by phrasing it as, â€Å"Here are lessons you learned †¦Ã¢â‚¬  and your audience will respond. Myth 3: You don’t have to have a lot of extra time. Extra time is an imaginary construct. There will never be enough of it. Don’t lose the chance to achieve your dreams by waiting for the elusive moment when you have plenty of time.Rather than waiting for an excess of time (which will never happen!), make an effort to do what you can, when you can. Commit to doing the right things in the right order, and little by little, you’ll make headway. 4 Tricks to Grow Your List (Plus a Bonus!)Trick 1: Upside Down HomepageAn upside down homepage is the first step to getting your first  100 subscribers. Allocate at least five hours for this update. What is the single obvious thing you want people to do when they come to your page? It’s not what you may think. It’s not the sidebar, not the social media buttons, not the menu it’s the above-the-fold call to action!Use this space to encourage people to subscribe, not to go to other pages. With this tactic, you can boost your subscriber rate from  1% (with a traditional homepage) to 13-15% (with an upside down homepage).Trick 2: Pick Your List GoalThe single most important strategy to boost your list is to select your list goal. This will take you just two minutes to do, but it’s crucial. You have to focus on this to be successful! Here’s what you do: Pick your number goal, then write this goal down on paper. Next, tape this on your wall to keep you accountable. Visual reminders help keep you on track. Even if you’re a writer, ultimately you’re still an entrepreneur. Don’t forget what you are working toward! Don’t get distracted and you’ll later reap the rewards of your efforts. Trick 3: Launch Team Strategy Another key component to your success is your launch team strategy. You have 24  hours to implement this strategy.Here’s how you tackle building a launch team. First, start with a group of people. You should make a list of five people you know. Then, personally invite these five people to join your list. Next, you’ll then reach out to everyone you know. You want to make this process personal, so people will feel as though they are invited to something special. Personally invite each and every person who’s on your list. Continue to write names and email addresses down on paper. Start simple and repeat until you run out of people to ask. Your goal is to get to 100  invitees. Trick 4: Poster Boy Formula The Poster Boy Fo rmula should take just 30  minutes per week, but can yield huge results toward boosting your list.Step one is to make a list of five products you purchase, blogs you read, or podcasts you follow. Write down one big win you’ve experienced from using their product. Let them know about your  results and thank them. Also, share testimonials and link back to your shares.The Poster Boy Formula can get you shout outs, inclusion on emails, social media sites, and guest posts. Ultimately, all of this goodwill can earn you subscribers.Bonus Trick: Create a Smartbribe A final trick to consider is to offer a â€Å"Smartbribe.† This tactic is simple to implement. Just install smartbribe.com as an enhancement to your current opt-in service. This easy to use feature asks people to share on social media in exchange for a bonus offer you create and â€Å"bribe† them with. This simple step can help grow your list even faster.Bryan Harris offers his best list building tips and tactics to help you grow your list and earn subscribers. Before you know it, you’ll on your way to earning 10,000 subscribers FAST!

Crafting and Executing Strategy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Crafting and Executing Strategy - Assignment Example † And in this way, questions are answered for each stage. Strategic plan involves the mixture of vision, mission and out of the box thinking. Strategic planning is one of the major management tools managers have to be perfect at. It can offer many benefits for the business, like communicating the main set objectives and plans to the staff, developing a competitive advantage against the rival firms, providing a sense of direction and purpose and communicating the plan of action etc. Without the strategic plan, there will be no direction for the business and this could lead to the business being lost (Olsen, Tse & West 1998). Financial performance could also deter without these plans A mission statement is a precise statement of the business’ core targets and cynosure, framed in such a way to persuade and trigger interest by outside groups and the other stakeholders. The Mission Statement of the hotel that I am the manager with is â€Å"To provide exquisite hospitableness and cordiality to our priceless guests by delivering the finest personal and intuitive services to them.† These statements are not linked to a particular goal, but try to sum up – it describes the aims in an influential and an appealing way. Mission statements can prove to be essential for firms of all sizes. They quickly inform the stakeholders of the business of the main aim and vision are. They can also prove to ignite a spark to the employees and tell the outside groups that the business and its staff have these positive traits. They establish in the view of other stakeholders ‘what the firm is about’ and hence can provide public relations and increase the chances of success for them. While Vision statements are those statements of what the firm would want to acquire and achieve in the long-run. There are some distinctions between the vision and the mission statements. Mission statements are the synopsis of the whole of the purpose of the organization, while a vision statement, on the contrary, tells the picture of the ‘desired future’ and how the business will look if it is successful in accomplishing its mission. The vision statement of my hotel is â€Å"We will be recognized by our superior hospitality services, selectively franchising and flawless management. Introducing newness in our every assistance will also provide the platform for our goodwill.† There is a simple link between the concepts of vision statement, mission statement and strategic planning. Without the focal point brought by the vision and mission statements, planning new strategies and stance in order to give direction to the company will not be helpful as there is no central idea and the business could get lost in heading to the goals. These statements can prevent the firm from drifting away from the ambitions of the organization. It is really critical that both vision and mission statement are not ‘artistry of words’ so that they impress the people or customers, but also they are relevant to the business, understood by the staff and then are evolved into important strategic actions. Operational objectives

Virgin Queen Elizabeth I Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Virgin Queen Elizabeth I - Essay Example Thesis statement: Virgin Queen Elizabeth I’s fame/ notoriety is interconnected with her hatred to marriage, her controversial relationships with a number of noble class men, and her manipulation of relationships for political purposes. Virgin Queen: biographic information One can see that Virgin Queen’s life history is interconnected with the history monarchy in England, especially the history of Tudor dynasty. She was born (say, in the year 1533) to Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. Lehman made clear that â€Å"Elizabeth was born at Greenwich Place on September 7, 1533, and Henry VIII was so certain that the child would be his longed for son that announcements were printed for the birth of a prince† (396). But her childhood was not so peaceful because her mother’s execution and related issues (say, the declaration of illegitimacy) deeply influenced her character and behavior. Later, in the year 1558, she was able to be the queen regent of the British Empire. As pointed out, her ability to manipulate relationships helped her to be a strong and able ruler. Besides, she connected her political supremacy with the religious context of England. For instance, she made use of her status as the regent queen of England to control the Protestant Church in England. This is important in her growth and development of a mighty ruler because she was able to settle the clash between the state and the religious authorities. On the other side, she was not able to maintain discipline in her personal life. She never tried to act according to the opinion of her well-wishers, but decided to remain unmarried. From a different angle of view, she celebrated her status as a virgin queen and it deeply influenced her character. Virgin Queen passed away in the year 1603. Queen Elizabeth I: virgin or not From a different angle of view, Queen Elizabeth I is considered as virgin because of her decision on marriage. One cannot prove that her status as a virgin is intercon nected with her virginity because she used to maintain intimate relationships with a number of male friends. So, her virginity is not an important factor of her status as a virgin. Pratt made clear that â€Å"Elizabeth did not feel the same sense of urgency to marry, declaring in 1559, â€Å"In the end, this shall be for me sufficient, that a marble stone shall declare that a Queen, having reigned such a time lived and died a virgin† † (39). Her choice in her personal life transformed her into an efficient ruler. Besides, her eligible status (not virginity) helped her to enjoy a special position in the society. On the other side, she made use her status to fulfill her political aims. Triefeldt stated that â€Å"Having decided never to marry, the virgin queen became very good at using her single status as a political tool† (72). For instance, her eligible status helped her to create a unique persona among the rulers of Europe. Her declaration that she is not read y to marry anyone because she is already married to England was helpful to maintain her political supremacy. To be specific, the patriarchal society in England never allowed women to be successful in the political context. So, Queen Elizabeth I decided to be single in her personal life and it helped her to be in the limelight. In short, Queen Elizabeth I’s fame as a virgin is not related to her virginity. Instead, she is generally considered as a virgin because she was not ready to marr

Alternative Approaches to Discipline Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Alternative Approaches to Discipline - Essay Example In a world fraught with strife and violence, Non Violent Communication (NVC) comes as a welcome change. NVC is a unique communication process as it is based on the principle of giving and receiving with compassion. It comprises four essential components such as: observations, feelings, needs and requests. In order to communicate non-violently or rather compassionately, one has to incorporate the aforementioned components while speaking to others. For instance, if one feels hurt about some incident and wants to talk about it, he or she must first state the incident, then talk about how he or she felt about it, followed by what particular need in him or her triggered such a feeling and also, follow it up with a request so that the person feels he or she is understood. NVC is an effective communication process as it draws the listener to an individual’s feelings, needs and expectations in such a way that the former feels compassion and tries to empathize with the speaker. Alterna tively, if someone is in trouble, a person who practices NVC can go a long way in redressing grievances by lending a patient ear and supporting with an empathetic heart. Rosenberg mentions an incident wherein he was called a ‘murderer’ and in a short while, was honored by the accuser, through an invitation as a guest for Ramadan dinner. The reason for this is that incident clearly manifests he had listened to him compassionately and had a heart-to-heart conversation with him (Rosenberg & Gandhi, p. 13, 2003). This shows that NVC is an effective and reliable mode of communication. On the other hand Polland’s discipline approach is extensive in nature where he gives an overview of the behaviors that children and adolescents exhibit at various stages of their development. Therefore, formulating a disciplinary action involves considering the age of the child or adolescent, the particular situation he or she is in and also arriving at a decision based on logical groun ds. For example, according to Polland, it is not a suitable punishment when a parent prevents a child from watching TV for dirtying the ceiling because such a punishment has no link with the misdeed. Instead, suggests a punishment of making the child clean up the ceiling so that he or she realizes how tedious a job it is and refrains from repeating it. A lot of insight goes into choosing a disciplinary action. It is made very clear in this discipline approach that there is no right way of disciplining. Parents by way of reasoning are expected to choose the right disciplinary action. The NVC approach and the discipline approach for children and adolescents share commonalities as well as differences. Both the approaches encourage open communication through questioning, listening and acknowledging the feelings of others. For example, in NVC one doesn’t not assume reasons for the other person being unhappy , but constantly questions and patiently listens to all that the person ha s to say and then arrives at a conclusion as to what needs and feelings made the person think or feel so. Similarly, in the discipline approach adopted by Poland, parents are always instructed to listen to everything the children have to say, even though they might lie. Therefore, the underlying principle on which both the approaches are based is the same: acknowledging individual’s feelings and then responding. The NVC process can

Herbert Marcuse: One Dimensional Man

Herbert Marcuse: One Dimensional Man This thinking paper will examine Brookfields interpretations of the above article, and endeavour to explain from the empirical writings of Herbert Marcuse, his thoughts on emancipating Ideological beliefs and encouraging Liberation. Marcuse beliefs highlighted further what he saw was a One Dimensional Society with only a One Dimensional Thought. Their way or the high way! This predisposes challenges in these social movements to combat oppression and thus encourage Liberation, in a genuine socialist society. Although Marcuses writings signify he was a fan of elements to Marxs Ideology, he also found Marx, in his day, was not a true libertarian who did not consider or connect himself with the individual. As a result, if Marxs theory was to continue to remain credible, Marcuse decided to act as a catalyst for the reassessing and re-examination of oppositional social movements in combating oppression and domination. His movement directed us through three pathways Rebellious subjectivity, liberating tolerance and Conceptual thought in Criticality, from the perspectives of reassessing Marxism and in the practices of Adult Education. Marcuse, found the concept of socialism, to be the most important issue, which precipitated and gave rise to his movement. He felt the concept of socialism had taken Marxs theory and developed it to become more focussed on the development of the productive forces Capitalisation and promotion of learning as a commodity, into another higher productive society which alienated and isolated individuals. Furthering his view, this could generate critical dispositions which he termed as rebellious subjectivity. To alleviate rebellious subjectivity, encouraging liberation of aesthetics from the demands of capitalism within classrooms, adult educators endeavour daily to create conducive learning environments Ultimately inspiring liberation in a genuine socialist society today! Concurring with Brookfields resonation to Marcuses idea of repressive tolerance, diversity in education could be construed as the dominant culture appearing to be more open to the learners voices, when in fact it is a refined way of reasserting its control over public discourse remoulding the junior and leaving certificates and with the introduction of CAS (common awards system) in 2010, into adult education. We can, as adults be resistant to change but we also recognise manipulation. Thus surmising as adult educators, in the field, we need to critically be very carefully in our classrooms too! In the practice of liberating tolerance, Marcuse identified to be inclusive, fair and equal to all running discussions, listening to the voice of the learner and developing curricula to accommodate different learning styles, was of paramount importance in critical adult education. However, is this really in existence and to what level of acceptance is it? Brookfield highlighted Marcuses disagreement for those who did possess radical opinions and rebellious perspectives and argued that such tolerance is repressive, not liberating. (Brookfield, 2002) Although concurring with the majority of the literature and Marcuses ideas, as an advocate of listening to the voice of the learners, with the freedom to express their viewpoints, are educators allowing this to selfishly improve their own practices? However, I too am dancing to the tune of somebody elses fiddle, by issuing a disciplinary for time keeping, attendance, disruptive behaviours. Could this not subtly be perceived as a contradi ction to my beliefs, reasserting control over public discourse too, and constricting freedom more and more? Unwittingly serving to reinforce an unfair status quo (Brookfield, 2002) concluding that dominant mainstream perspectives still overshadow the minority in practice! Lastly, Brookfield reviewed the writings of Newman and his view on conceptual thought in Criticality. Newman(1994) states that critical thinking is about laying blame and defining enemies, both are necessary precursors to informed social change. (Brookfield, 2002). It can be argued that to liberate learners, accountability and ownership are crucial to develop individual positive visions. Yes, criticality can be both positive and negative. Negative feedback in the classroom can motivate learners! Concurring with Marcuse, in order to truly feel great liberation, we need to get great refusal. We get knocked down, but we get back up again! Onwards, upwards and forwards Change and liberation does not happen without the forwards. However, in general, adults are not always receiving of constructive criticism, previous experiences can cloud judgements! Brookfield states that Marcuse is at odds with those adult educators who emphasize that the road of criticality begins with examining the sp ecific experiences of adult learners. (Brookfield, 2002). On the other hand, it can be argued that this view is crucial in criticality in order to enable the learners to self-correct. References Brookfield, S., 2002. Reassessing Subjectivity, Criticality, and Inclusivity: Marcuses Challenge to Adult Education. Adult Education Quarterly, 52(4), p. 274. Brookfield, S., 2002. Reassessing Subjectivity, Criticality, and Inclusivity: Marcuses Challenge to Adult Education. Adult Education Quarterly, 52(4), pp. 265-280. Brookfield, S., 2002. Reassessing Subjectivity, Criticality, and Inclusivity: Marcuses Challenge to Adult Education. Adult Education Quarterly, 52(4), p. 271. Brookfield, S. D., 2005. Critical Theory for Adult Learning and Teaching. Berkshire: Open University Press. Brookfield, S. D., 2005. Learning Liberation. In: Critical Theory for Adult Learning and Teaching. Berkshire: Open University Press, p. 182. Graham Cagney, A., 2016. Reading No. 10 Marcuse on Liberation, Waterford: s.n. Does Hip Hop Culture Influence Youth Gangs? Does Hip Hop Culture Influence Youth Gangs? Gang violence and the use of violent weapons have been highlighted by the media recently. The government have initiated aims in order to curb and deal with gang violence in the United Kingdom. In order deal with this issue, influencing factors have been acknowledged. This research explores the supposed influence that the hip hop culture has on young males engaged in gangs, and their willingness to use violent weapons. a systematic review of the literature and a qualitative content analysis of four songs lyrics have confirmed that there are themes which are consistent with the attitudes and behaviours that young people express due to the music they listen to. A significant proportion of the literature that surround young people and youth gangs in the UK focuses on possession and use of weapons (e.g. Bullock and Tilley, 2002; Bennett and Holloway, 2004b; Marshall et al, 2005). Research by Lemos (2004) found that some young people were likely to carry weapons through fear of being attacked by other gang members or more worryingly because they associated it with being cool. This was also reflected in Kinsellaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸s (2011) report for the government, following the murder of her brother Ben during a knife attack in 2008. Through visiting several projects across the country, Kinsella found two prominent motivational factors that were highlighted in each project. Those were à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾fearà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸ and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾fashionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸. Some young people in the projects explained that they carried knives because they feared that others were also weapons, and so felt it necessary to carry knifes as a method of self-protecti on. Chapter 1:  Introduction Youth gangs and the attitudes and behaviours of young males have been a major issue in the United Kingdom. Researches and theories have been conducted in order to evaluate the emergence of youth street gangs. The murders of innocent young people in the last decade have urged the government and academics to conduct reports and research on gang and post code gang feuds. Due to an increase of gang violence the government introduced the Gang Injunction within the Police and Crime Act 2009. The gang Injunction is aimed at preventing young people from engaging in, encouraging and assisting gang related violence (Home Office). Research from the Associations of Chief Police Officers (2007) and Pickle (2009) show that apart from gang members being involved in gangs, they are also engaging in the use and possession of violent weapons. Hip hop artists have been criticised by politicians and the media for influencing young males to engage in violent behaviour. However this idea is not supported by research and can be rejected, because when looking at research from government reports and academics there is no evidence to support the idea that hip hop influencing young males behaviour and attitudes. However research from Kubrin (2005) and Miranda and Claes (2004) who are both Canadian and American, suggest that some of the themes in hip hop are reflected in the behaviour of young males. So therefore there is a relationship between hip hop and young males, but unfortunately this research has not been conducted in the United Kingdom. In the response to the lack of research on the link between hip hop and youth gangs and violence, the aim of this study is to the answer the research question: Youth Gangs: Does the Hip Hop culture Influence Young Males in the UK to Join Street Gangs and the Use of Violent Weapons? In order to answer this research question and to find out whether there is a link between youth gangs and hip hop culture, this research will explore if the use and possession of violent weapons is really glamorised by hip hop, or whether the claims by the government and media are unjustified. The main aims in this research are to: Find out if beliefs, attitudes and behaviours of young gang members can be attributed to the lifestyle portrayed by hip hop artists. Establish where prominent behaviours in the literature, song lyrics and images of hip hop artists can be associated with the influence of violent weapons Apply theory to the attitudes, behaviours and the prominent themes associated with gangs in order to provide a more holistic approach. These aims will be conducted through a discussion of literature from books, journals, government reports, newspapers and media articles. A content analysis will be conducted on hip hop (Grime UK) song that young males may listen to, and a semiotic analysis on images of hip hop artists. Chapter 2 of this research provides a literature review looking into the problems with gang definition, the UK new gang culture, the background of gangs, gang membership, the possession and use of violent weapons and the hip hop culture and the influence of hip hop. Chapter 3 focuses on the methodology and outlines the approach that has been conducted during the research process. The research design and the analyses are included in this chapter, alongside the ethical considerations. Chapter 4 discusses and evaluates the analysis of the hip hop song lyrics, the signs that images from hip hop portray using a semiotic approach and then finally the themes that emerged from the literature and lyrics. These three themes are drug dealing, which is discussed in relation to rational choice theory, strain theory and differential association theory. The second theme is street credibility and this is discussed in relation to social identity theory and masculine theories. The final theme is the Territorial post code wars, this theme is discussed in relation to social capital theory and social learning theory. Chapter 2:  Literature Review This chapter will be exploring the literature surrounding young males, gangs, violence and weapons. As well as the influence the hip hop culture can have on these young males. Different literature such as books, journals, government reports, newspaper articles and research studies will be examined and reviewed in order to view the current state of gang culture and violence in the UK. The following issues will be discussed in order to examine relevant literature on the study. Gang definition, the UK gang culture, gang membership, and the background of gangs in general, the possession and use of violent weapons and finally the influence of hip hop culture on young people. The problem with definition The term Gang has had some issues surrounding its definition, and this is a problem that remains dominant within the UK based literature. The definition of the term has been mainly developed with reference to American gang culture. Some theorists argued that a new definition of the term gang should be given for the new gang culture in the UK. The reason behind some definitions given to describe the gang culture in America was investigated by Ball and Curry (1995) they believed that although it is easy to identify a gang, the real issue arises when attempting to create a definition. After engaging in a lengthy linguistic analysis of various ways to define gang, they proposed that gang definitions would do better to focus on the abstract, formal characteristics of the phenomenon rather than connotative, normative content (Ball Curry, 1995:240). Ball and Curry (1995) also stated that old definitions for the term are acceptable but due to the frequent changes in sociological, political and cultural changes it is important to have a new definition for the term, because the changes may affect the phenomenon of gang culture. Despite the need for a current definition, government and academic organisations believe that a fixed definition is essential in order to develop further research into gangs. For example the Association of Chief Police Officers (ACPO) stated that it was difficult to determine the proportion of crime that contributed to gangs, because the agreed definition of gangs on the data base was non-existent (ACPO, 2007:14). The Metropolitan Police Service (2008) also identified several other factors that differentiate a gang from relatively small, unorganised and transient peer groups. These factors include names, an organisable structure, and the use of violence and delinquent behaviour to promote group identity and to acquire social capital (Metropolitan Police Service, 2007: 21) The UK New Gang Culture The media, government and professional academics have all raised their concerns about the growing perception of gang culture in the UK. The media frequently report criminal activity, and in response some academics have argued that the media sensationalises the gang problem in the UK (Alexander, 2008:4). Other academics such as Bullock and Tiley (2002) have also suggested that the need to understand and tackle the gang violence is more important instead of sectionalising gang violence. Following the medias numerous reports regarding the increase in high profile gang related crimes since 2007, Heale (2008) stated that youth gangs have been frequently highlighted in the media. The fatal shooting of an innocent five year old girl in Stockwell in 2012, Is another incident that caught the medias attention. Thusha Kamaleswaran was left permanently paralysed after a gang related shooting occurred at her aunts shop (Telegraph, 2012). The media suggested that the shooting was linked to youth g ang violence; the metropolitan police gave a statement stating, It is believed two black youths ran into the shop before shots were fired. Peter Robbins who is the counsellor from Lambeth council also gave a statement, there is a fairly well known problem with gangs and guns in Lambeth (Daily Mail, 2012). Gangs are not only running into shops and causing injury to innocent individuals, they are also engaging in the American style drive by shootings. For example, the Telegraph (2011) reported a drive by shooting in west London which injured three teenage girls and left one girl in critical condition. These shootings also attracted the media and public attention and the they believed that the American style drive by shootings performed by UK gangs where indeed becoming a lot more like the American gangs. Academics have criticised the media despite there being evidence of growing youth violence taking place in the UK, academics believe that the media solely focuses on the dramatic consequences of gang violence, instead of how it can be prevented and tackled (Fitch, 2009: 2). Deuchar (2008) suggested that the majority of gang members tend to predominantly be from black or ethnic minority groups, despite this suggestion Bennett and Holloway (2004a: 319) found that the majority of gang members were white, followed by Caribbean and Bangladeshi. Due to this inconsistency in literature surrounding the race and ethnic minority of gang members, it is clear that the race and ethnicity of gang members is not an important factor in researching gangs. So therefore this study will not focus on race and ethnicity. Instead this study will focus on why young people join gangs and the characteristics of gang members. Background Studies and research where conducted in order to give an insight into the increase of gang membership. Bennett and Holloway (2004a: 305) found evidence from governments reports, newspapers, local agencies and national bodies that suggested gangs in the UK and the number of gang members where increasing. Bennett and Holloway (2004a) argued that with the obvious increase in violent weapons and the possessions and the use of guns, the British gangs where not that different to the American stereotype that the UK often rejected. Research into gangs in America could not be generalised to the rising youth gang culture in Britain, despite the early research into gangs and youth groups. Subculture theorists in America have largely focused on the study of youth groups and gangs for almost over a century. Research into gangs in America mainly focused on the Chicago city, which is a research that has provided what is known as the first study into the gang culture phenomena. After the research in Chicago gang culture, subculture theorist Merton began his research into delinquent groups, with the help of Cohen (1955) and Cloward and Ohlin (1961). Mertons (1938) research on the Social structure and Anomie thesis anticipated that the American Dream was at the forefront of every individuals aspirations in life. But not every individual would be able to acquire this. For example education was only accessible to some people and this led to anomie. Also deviant behaviours such as violence and petty crimes amongst young working class males who were most affect were caused by the feeling of strain. Cohen (1955: 66) extended the concept of social structure and anomie by explaining that in order to explain non instrumental vandalism and violence was due to status frustration. He stated that the individuals who felt frustrated would, gravitate towards one another to establish new norms and new criteria of status, and this would then form a delinquent subculture. This statement was furt her extended by Cloward and Ohlin (1961:1), they believed that every individual had access to legitimate and illegitimate opportunities and suggested three types of subculture. The retreatist subculture which fails to find legitimate or illegitimate means in order to succeed, so therefore the individual turns to alcohol or drug abuse while the conflict subculture is when individuals use manipulation of violence as a way of winning status. The criminal subculture describes a group of individuals who rely on theft and extortion as a means of getting income. The subculture that is most relevant to this research on the young males and the influence of hip hop is the Conflict subculture. Downes (1966) systematic review found no evidence that Cloward and Ohlin (1961) retreats, conflict and criminal subcultures existed in the UK because the young males lacked structured cohesion that the American gangs boasted about. Cohen (1955) notion of status frustration was criticised by Downes who believed that by Cohen conducting his research in only one borough meant that his findings may not be generalised to the rest of the UK. Despite this Downes concluded that the research into gang delinquency in the UK is a reflection of its absence (Downes, 1966:116). In addition to this Campbell et al (1989) believed that the gang notion belonged to America, whilst the subculture notion belonged to the UK. As a result of this Campbell et al (1982) felt that a separate definition and research for youth gangs in the UK would need to be developed in order to provide a better framework for future research into gangs Campbell et al, 1989: 276) Gang Membership It is believed that young people especially males are known to join gang memberships for different psychological or social reasons (Bennett and Holloway, 2004a: 307). Some of the psychological reasons for young people joining gangs are believed to be because they have a desire for money, to gain status and respect from other gang members and the feeling of being protected and having a connection within the gang membership. Psychological reasons for young people joining gangs usually develop from lack of effective support from their parents, family, teachers and the police (Harris et al, 2001: 9). Sociological reasons have been heavily focused on in terms of explaining gang membership. Research by the NASUWT Teachers union (2008) found that if there is an absence or lack of positive role models in a young individuals life, then in order to build a social identity they will look towards accessible role models. Also the study found that young people from broken families where a father f igure was not present are more likely to look up to individuals in gangs or family members involved in gang memberships (NASUWT Teachers union, 2008: 11). Wood and Alleyne (2009) found evidence that gang membership gives young people a chance to acquire powerful status amongst their friends, opportunity for excitement especially if they live a boring life. Protection from other gang members and most importantly it offers social support that is lacking in young peoples lives from their family. Whereas Marshall et al (2005) suggests that the reason for young people engaging in gang membership is due to their exclusion and alienation from mainstream society, particularly education and employment. Whilst most theorists offer an explanation as to why young people join gangs, they have failed to outline the specific features and characteristics of gang members. Evidence from Bennett and Holloway (2004a) suggests that gang members tend to me male, involved in drug taking and supplying, mor e likely to carry weapons and are criminally active. Possession and the violent use of weapons There are various literatures that focus on youth gangs and the use of violent weapons amongst young people in the UK. Lemos (2004) report on Fear and Fashion: The use of knives and other weapons by young people believed that most young people were more likely to carry violent weapons due to the fear of being attacked by other young individuals or just because they believed that carrying a violent weapon made them look cool. The home office affairs select committee published a knife crime report which investigated the levels and causes of knife crime and the attitudes of the offenders. Knife crime has been and still is a persistent and worrying concern that has a huge impact on young people in the UK. During June 2012 there were approximately 29,513 recorded offences involving knives and other sharp instruments, accounting for 7% of selected offences (Berman: Knife Crime Statistics, 2012). In the UK more than 70 teenagers were violently killed by the use of violent weapons. Majority of these deaths were gang related violences. In 2008 gang and knife crime were regularly featured in the media headlines, these crimes were mapped out in various locations around the UK, but London suffered the highest number of crime amongst young people. Dr Bob Golding, who is a criminal justice lecturer at the university of Portsmouth, stated that knife crime is simply a symptom; you have associated with this a development of gang culture (Golding, BBC News: 2008). The possession and the use of violent weapons were also reflected in Brooke Kinsellas (2011) Tackling Knife Crime Together report. Kinsella report was conducted following the death of her brother in a knife attack in 2008. The report also gave the public an insight into the seriousness of violent weapon crimes. Kinsella found that motivational factors influence young people into carrying violent weapons, these two factors were fear and fashion. In the report it was also discovered that youths reasons for carrying weapons was due to the fear of being attacked by other individuals, so therefore they felt the need to protect themselves. The reason that was more worrying was the need to be in possession of violent weapons because they believed it was fashionable or a cool thing to do (Kinsella, 2011: 2). Recently the media reported two incidents that allegedly occurred with five hours. The first incident was the shooting of a 19 year old male in Clapton, east London and the stabbing of a 16 year old male in Wandsworth, south west London. Although the police believe that these crimes where not linked to gangs, it just shows the frequent use of violent weapons within the community. (BBC, 2013) Although it is difficult to determine the link between violent weapon crimes and gangs, recent research into gangs has noted the relationship between firearms and gangs (Squires et al, 2008). A research report was carried out by Bullock and Tilley (2002), they found that 60% of firearm crimes can be linked to gangs meanwhile; the Home Office 2009/2010 reported 5% increase of injuries as a result of firearms. In order for the government to tackle the possession and use of violent weapons, they need to establish the main reasons why young people engage in violent weapons. As this could enable them or it could be a starting point for them to limit gang violence. The Hip Hop Culture and the Influence of Hip Hop Hip hop today is known as a cultural reform and social reconstruction. Hip hop first developed in the drug infested gang streets of the Bronx in New York City. Apart from the glamorous and provocative nature of hip hop, it is mainly associated with and for freedom, peace, equality and social harmony. Alongside creating a successful industry hip hop also gave ethnic minorities in America a chance to voice their opinions internationally, a civil rights movement that is still relevant today. Price (2006:1) defines hip hop as a liberation movement in the form of a diverse culture, it was a next generation civil (human) rights movement sparked by ostracized, marginalized and oppressed inner- city youths. Hip hop culture has grown to represent urban, rural, suburban and global communities of all ages, genders, religions and races. One main factor that is mainly held responsible for the increase in gang violence is the hip hop culture. It is believed that the hip hop has a negative influence on young people. David Blunkett reportedly made a statement about gang violence, stating idiots like so solid crew are glorifying gun culture and violence. This statement was made a year after one of the members from So Solid Crew Ashley Walters was sentenced to 18 months for the possession of a firearm (Telegraph, Sally Pook: 2003). David Cameroon also voiced his opinions on violent music. In the British society (2006) he asked BBC radio station 1, do you realise some of the stuff you play on Saturday nights encourages people to carry guns and knives? Despite the perception that the hip hop culture glamorises gang and violence, there is very little research on this concept. United Kingdom based research has dismissed the concept that hip hop influences young males into gangs and violent weapon. Hallsworth and Silverstone (2009: 362) suggested that style and music do not define the relationships between the individuals and the violence that they do, or the weapon they carry. There is no empirical support for the statement; however they do believe that those who carry weapons tend to imitate the American hip hop style by carrying guns. Well-known hip hop artists spoke about the comparison between hip hop and the trend of violence amongst young people in the communities. 50 Cent who has recently turned to acting and has become an entrepreneur refuted claims of there being a connection between hip hop and gun violence. He stated in his interview that his music was more a reflection of his experiences in life, rather than a glorificati on of assault weapons (CBS News, 2013). Hip hop and gangs have always been linked in some form. It is believed that the hip hop culture has created and influenced gang violence over the decades. Literature in the UK regarding the effect of hip hop music on young males and gangs on focuses on deviant behaviour in adolescence, whereas literature in the USA have a wider range of research and literature. Miranda and Claes (2009) researched the possible link between preference of rap music and deviant behaviours such as, drug use, violence and street gang involvement amongst French Canadian adolescents. Miranda and Claes found that despite trying to control the adolescent deviancy, a significant link can still be found between rap music and deviant behaviour. However despite their finding they did not find a link between hip hop and street gang involvement. This shows that there needs to be future research in order to come to a conclusion as to whether or not there is an association between hip hop and gang violence (Miranda a nd Claes, 2009). The issue of hip hop music lyrics and how they may have an effect on young people has been approached by Kubrins (2005) study. Kubrin conducted a content analysis of rap songs in America and also addressed the use of violent weapons suggesting that the gun becomes a symbol of power and a remedy for disputes (Kubrin, 2005:363). Research from Miranda, Claes and Kubrin, found that young people joined street gangs in order to acquire status and a social identity, which is seen and stated in the music they listen to. Because the majority of these studies are based on American and Canadian individuals, it is possible that the findings cannot be generalised to gangs in the UK. Chapter 3:  Methodology This section will explain the methodological approach that this research has adopted in order to establish if the hip hop culture has an influence on youth gangs and the use of violent weapons in the UK. The method which was chosen for the purpose of this paper was desk research, sometimes known as secondary data or secondary research (Bryman, 2008). This research involves gathering data that already exists from internal sources, publications of governmental and non-governmental institutions, free access data from the internet, in articles, newspapers and other relevant sources (Bryman, 2008:à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..). A systematic review of literature, a qualitative content analysis on four hip hop song lyrics, and a semiotic analysis on a hip hop image will be conducted in order to establish if a relationship between hip hop culture, youth gang and the use of violent weapons exists. At first a qualitative research was initially considered in order to gather data and in order to answer the research question. The majority of research in to gangs and the use of violent weapons are normally conducted through qualitative surveys and interviews with current or previous gang members and offenders. These types of primary research would be dangerous and difficult to replicate as an undergraduate student. Research Design The research design of this study discusses the literature in the form of a systematic review. Government reports, journal articles and published texts on gangs and the use of violent weapons from the last decade have all been reviewed. Secondary data has been used to conduct this study. The secondary data has been used with caution and all literature used are from trustworthy sources. Literature based research has its strengths, and they mainly fall on the fact that the research is able to analyse data that is already available because the time consuming research has already been conducted by academics. There will be no contact with current or previous offenders who have been involved in gangs or crimes involving violent weapons, so the potential harm and risk involved in this research is minimised. However as explained by Bryman, (2008) not conducting a primary research means that there will be no control over the variables and so it is acknowledged that the grounds may be differen t to the present study. therefore this research has been conducted carefully in order not to manipulate the literature to support the hypothesis of the present study By conducting a content analysis of hip hop song lyrics, this study will be able to establish whether the genre of music can be held responsible for the behaviour of youth gang members or whether claims by the media are false. Out of the four songs that have been analysed, two demonstrate how the hip hop culture can influence young males, particularly in regards to joining gangs and the use of violent weapons. The two other songs acknowledge social exclusion as a reason for delinquency. The Song lyrics where obtained from lyric databases such as, Metro lyrics, sweet lyrics, urban lyrics and AZ lyrics. Even though the validity and reliability of these lyrics are questionable, all the songs used are from official version on YouTube, a reliable video broadcasting website. Due to the fact that majority of the songs analysed are likely to contain words and languages that are likely to be difficult to understand, a slang website called Urban Dictionary was used as a means to translate any difficult words. Analysis Key themes have been highlighted in the literature articles through a process of thematic analysis during a systematic review. These themes include repetition, differences and similarities. The following analytical chapters will be discussing these themes in relation to theories in order to give a better understanding as to why young males may seek these identities. Firstly the song lyrics will be discussed in relation to the themes that have been highlighted through the thematic analysis. This will be done using a similar approach conducted by Kubrin (2005) study on Gangstas, Thugs, and Hustlas. Song lyrics will be discussed and the images will be discussed using a semiotic approach in order to evaluate whether or not the music that is marketed to youths encourages the use of violent weapons. This will then be followed by a discussion of the themes in relation to the literature. Theory will be included in order to provide a more holistic understanding as to why young people join youth gangs, their behaviour and attitudes. In order to identify the themes within the literature a critical discussion of the findings will provide a foundation for recommendation on future research on this topic. By using these analytical methods a detailed account of the influence the hip hop culture has on young males can be generated from the literature. Ethical Considerations Due to this research being a secondary research, it does involve as many ethical issues as a primary research. For example no participants will be interviewed, so there is no need for informed consents and there are no issues regarding deception and invasion of privacy. Also there is no need to consider data protection or storage because the research studies reports are available and have been published for public viewing. The following ethical considerations from the British Society of Criminology (BSC) Code of Ethics have been considered and relate to this research. As mentioned at the beginning of this chapter, there will be no contact with previous or current gang members so the emotional and physical well-being of the researcher will be maintained (BSC 3: iii). As the BSC states, researchers should promote equal opportunity in all aspects of their professional work and actively seek to avoid discriminatory behaviour (BSC, 3: iv).Whilst doing this research every effort has been m ade not to address young male gang members in terms of age, and racial or ethnic group sensitively and to use non-biased language. Also this research has made every effort not to disrespect the views and beliefs of young gang members, as one of the aims for this dissertation is to focus on developing a theoretical and holistic understanding of the behaviour of gang members. Also the views and beliefs of the gang members have not been disrespected whilst conducting a systematic review of the literature and analysing the literature through the themes that developed in the content analysis, alongside the arguments for and against hip hop culture influencing violence, the use and possession of violent weapons. Research studies by academics include young gang members who have consented to taking part in a published research study, so it is believed that any data from interviews conducted in previous reports are acceptable to use for secondary data. This therefore means that the ethical c ode (4: iii) will not be breached. However, if an entire data set was used for the present research, a Research Ethics Committee would have been required to conduct an expedited review (Economic and Social Research Council). Because this is a secondary research one of the major limitations is that some sources, especially internet sources may not be reliable, so a serious amount of importance was placed when using reliable data and sources from the internet as well as sources where the reliability of the internet information was uncertain. In addition to this No favoured judgement has been made towards certain research findings and a conscious effort has been made by the researcher not to manipulate or misinterpret the findings to suit the research question. By doing so a one sided argumen